HOSPITAL
Introduction:-
The hospital, a major social organization, offers considerable advantages to both the patient and the society.
Certain health problems require intensive medical treatment and personal care which normally cannot be treat at home or in the clinic of a doctor,
this is possible only in a hospital where a large number of professionally and technically skilled people apply their knowledge and skill with the help of world class advanced and sophisticated equipment.
The first and foremost function of a hospital is to give proper care to the sick and injured patient without any social, economic or racial discrimination.
In the past, the hospitals were set up as charity institutions, especially for poor and weaker sections of the society.
The only function of those institutions was to care for the sick and poor.
Of late, the hospitals are set up with a motto to serve all sections of the society.
In addition, some of them are also engaged in conducting and promoting medical education, training and research.
Definition:-
The word hospital is derived from the Latin word hospitium which means a place where guests are received.
A hospital is a complicated organization containing specialized testing laboratories. Scientific equipments and team of trained professional people (Doctors, pharmacists,Nurses etc ) educated to the problems concerning with health and hygiene.
All these are united together to restore and maintain good health of the public.
Functions of hospital
1- The principal function of a hospital is the treatment and care of patients.
2- To lower the incidence of diseases through early detection and treatment.
3-Heath supervision and prevention of disease
4-Heath Care research (Medical research)
5-Investigation, diagnosis and care of the sick and Injured
6- Education of Health Care Providers (doctor's nurses, diettans workers, etc.)
7- Rehabilitation
8- To raise the quality of law and general standards of medical practice.
9- To introduce regular review, analysis and improved monitoring of patient care.
10- To develop maintain an effective system of clinical and administrative records and reports.
11- To participate in the financial plan for the operation of the hospital.
12- To initiate, utilize and participate in research projects designed for improvement of patient care and other hospital services.
Classification of Hospital
Primary hospital
It refers to the work of health professionals who act as a first point of consultation for all patients within the health care system.
Primary hospital is often used as the term for the health care services that play a role in the local community.
Continuity is a key characteristic of primary care, as patients usually prefer to consult the same practitioner for routine check-ups and preventive care, health education and every time they require an initial consultation about a new health problem.
Common chronic illnesses usually treated in primary hospital may include, for example: hypertension, diabetes, asthma, COPD, depression and anxiety, back pain, arthritis or thyroid dysfunction.
Primary hospital also includes many basic maternal and child health care services such as family planning services and vaccinations.
Secondary hospital
It refers to a second tier of health system, in which patients from primary health care are referred to specialists in higher hospitals for treatment.
In India, the health centres for secondary health care include: District hospitals and Community Health Centre at block level.
Secondary includes; acute care, necessary treatment for a short period of time for a brief but serious illness, injury, or other health condition.
Tertiary hospital
It refers to a third level of health system, in which specialized consultative care is provided usually on referral from primary and secondary medical care.
In India, under public health system, tertiary care service is provided by medical colleges and advanced medical research institutes."
Examples of tertiary care services are cancer management, neurosurgery, cardiac surgery. plastic surgery, treatment for severe burns, palliative and other complex medical and surgical interventions.
Quaternary Hospital
The term quaternary hospital is sometimes used as an extension of tertiary hospital in reference to advanced levels of medicine which are highly specialized and not widely accessed.
Experimental medicine and some types of uncommon diagnostic or surgical procedures are considered quaternary hospital.
Quaternary hospital is more prevalent in the United Kingdom.
On the basis of Clinical and non clinical basis
Clinical Hospital
The word "clinical" refers to the treatment of a disease in human beings.
Different types of diseases need different modes and means of the treatment.
This type of classification is dependent on the basis of diagnosis and treatment.
Medicine
These are general purpose hospitals that provide treatment other than surgical hospital.
A surgeon can advise about treatment with drugs
General hospital: Where what is called "family physician" treats or advises the patients.
Pediatrics hospital: Where special care for children is taken.
Communicable disease hospitals: Which have adequate space to prevent spread of the infection disease and takes care of patient with such diseases.
Mental hospital or psychiatric diseases hospitals: Which have facilities to house, treat and rehabilitate the patients with mental illness.
Drug addiction rehabilitation hospitals: Where care, treat and rehabilitate the patients addicted from narcotics.
Dental hospital: Where care and treatment is done for diseases of teeth.
Cancer hospital: Where oncotherapeutics and chemotherapy is given to cancer patients.
Surgery (Surgical Hospitals)
This is specialized to perform surgical operations. In other words, they have operation theatres and surgeons. There are different types of surgical hospitals such as:
Gynaecological, i.e. related to female reproductive system.
This is usually attached with maternity hospital.
Orthopaedic, i.e. related to bone fractures.
Otolaryngological, i.e. related to ear, nose and throat surgery.
Cardiothoracic, i.e. related to surgery of heart, lung, etc. open heart surgery, coronary by-pass surgery, angiography and angioplasty are common in this type of hospital.
General Surgery, ie, surgery of any kind.
Neurological, ie, having facilities for surgery of brain and spinal cord.
Kidney hospital, ie. this type of hospital is involved in kidney transplantation and blood or peritoneal dialysis services.
Maternity
Which is specialized to provide obstetrics (i.e dealing with child birth) and gynaecological (i.e. related to female reproductive system) services along with antenatal (during pregnancy)and neonatal (new born child) care.
Paediatric
Hospitals treating the disease of children.
B.Non-clinical Hospital
This type of classification is dependent on the ownership of hospital which may be of two types:
1.Public Ownership
Public hospitals may be governed by the
Central Government,
eg. Railway hospital, Defence hospital ,All India Institute of Medical Sciences(AIIMS), New Delhi,
State Government,
eg. Civil hospital at district headquarters, Sassoon Hospital, Pune, J.J. Hospital, Mumbai.
Local Self Government, these hospitals are run by municipalities or corporations,
eg. BMC Hospital, Bhagwati Hospital in Mumbai,
2.Private Ownership
These are run by the following organization:
Trusts: The Board of Trustees manage the affairs,
eg. Bombay Hospital, Mumbai,, Jaslok Hospital, Mumbai.
Religious Bodies: Cristian Medical College Hospital. Vellore,, Ram Krishna Mission Hospital, Calcutta.
Limited Companies: They are governed by public limited companies,where the public subscribes to the share capital,
eg. Medinova Centres, Baroda,, Apollo Hospital Ltd. Chennai and New Delhi,, Batra Hospital, New Delhi,, Modi Hospital, Modi Nagar.
On the basis of size
a) Large hospital have 1000 and above beds.
b) Medium hospital have beds between 500-1000.
c) Small hospital have beds between100-500.
d) Very small hospital have beds less than 100.
On the basis of cost
a) Elite hospitals:- These are symbols of high technology and advances in medical sciences.
They have deluxe rooms. The room rates vary from rs. 500 to 1200 per day.
b) Budget hospital:- These hospital are meant for moderate budget and low budget persons.
e.g. civil and charitable hospital
E. On the basis of system of medicine
1 Allopathic hospitals, 2. Unani hospitals
3.Ayurvedic hospitals, 4.Homeopathic hospitals
5-Nature cure , 6.Veterinary hospitals
